With Social Security set to deplete one year earlier than expected, taxes on retirement benefits may only get worse, not better. Currently, 15% of your Social Security benefit is tax-free. For the other 85%, it all depends on your “provisional income.” So, it’s important to be able to manage your income in retirement, and one way to do that is to make sure you are saving in the right places.
Provisional income is your gross income – wages, pensions, interest, dividends and capital gains – plus tax-free interest, plus half of your overall Social Security benefit. If your provisional income exceeds $34,000 on a single return or $44,000 on a joint return, up to 85% of your benefits may be taxable at your tax rate (See Calculating Taxes on Social Security Benefits).
Fortunately, there are planning opportunities for retirees and non-retirees alike to help lower that tax burden. Here I discuss three of those strategies, but to learn more about Social Security planning, please join me for a complimentary webinar on Sept. 30, 5 Things You Need to Know About Social Security (register here).
1. How to Use Roth IRAs to Control Your Taxes in Retirement
Retirees usually have the bulk of their nest egg in taxable retirement accounts. Withdrawals from traditional IRAs and 401(k)s are considered gross income for the Social Security provisional income calculation. However, qualified withdraws from Roth IRAs are not: They are income-tax free.
Some may want to convert traditional IRAs to a Roth for tax-free withdrawals in the future. There are a few caveats to consider. Those still working can contribute to a Roth IRA if their income does not exceed certain thresholds. For those whose incomes are too high, the mega-back door Roth may be an option.
In retirement, I tell my clients to withdraw from Roth IRAs only when their total income may push them into the next tax bracket or when their total income makes their Social Security benefits taxable. For instance, say a married client with $40,000 of provisional income needs an additional $10,000. That client could consider withdrawing $4,000 from their 401(k) and $6,000 from a Roth IRA. This way their total income does not exceed the $44,000 provisional income threshold.
2. Health Savings Accounts Can Come in Handy, Too
Using a health savings account (HSA) is another great way to keep your future taxes down. For those with an HSA — keep in mind that you must have a high-deductible medical plan at work to contribute to an HSA — distributions for most medical and dental expenses are income-tax free. For my clients who are working, I always encourage them to fund their HSA each year but try not to use it – save it for your costs in retirement instead.
HSA withdrawals are tax-free when used to pay for Medicare or other qualified medical expenses in retirement. And unlike withdrawals from a traditional 401(k), qualified withdrawals from an HSA are not taxable and won’t make your Social Security benefits taxable either.
One trick for those looking to up their HSA account is to do a one-time transfer from an IRA. Currently, the IRS allows a truly once-in-a-lifetime transfer from their IRA to HSA. The IRA distribution amount is limited to the annual HSA contribution – up to $7,200 for a family for 2021 – and it must be made directly from the IRA to the HSA, but it is not included as income (IRS Pub 969).
3. Using Whole Life Insurance as a Tool
The proposed Biden tax increase piqued interest in life insurance in 2021. Cash value life insurance, such as whole life policies, has many benefits, including the ability to borrow from the policy without incurring income taxes. Money borrowed from a whole life policy is a tax-free loan, and if not paid back, reduces the death benefit.
For my clients, whole life gives us additional options. For instance, we can borrow from the policy in any given year instead of taking 401(k) withdrawals, which may cause their Social Security to be taxed. Or if a client needs a large cash infusion for a remodeling project or a vacation, we may consider borrowing from the whole life policy tax-free instead of taking a taxable distribution from their 401(k). Whole life doesn’t make sense for everyone, especially those who are older, as it may be too expensive. But for those who are still working and have a family, it is another tool in the financial planning toolbox.
Financial planning is about thinking ahead and creating options for your future self. If you are still working and have the ability to save money, you want to be mindful of where to save. Each account has its own pros and cons, so it is about balance.
If you save all your money in a traditional 401(k), that helps on taxes today, but will sting later in retirement when you withdraw money. The key is to think about tax-diversification. Tax-diversification is about having some money that, when withdrawn, is taxable in the future and some that is tax-free. If you can combine those two — tax-free with taxable — you have a better chance of lowering your future tax burden. Your future self will thank you.
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